On complemented subspaces of L1[0,1]L_1[0,1]

Definitions

The project’s definitions for reading Theorems A and B. Each excerpt is extracted from the frozen Lean source; its source link includes the imports, notation and surrounding parameters.

Lebesgue measure on the interval

Lebesgue measure restricted to the closed interval [0,1][0,1]. It is a measure on R\mathbb R; sets outside the interval have measure zero.

Project definition, using Mathlib notions.

def intervalMeasure : Measure ℝ := volume.restrict (Set.Icc (0 : ℝ) 1)
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def intervalMeasure : Measure ℝ := volume.restrict (Set.Icc (0 : ℝ) 1)
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Name and measure type

def intervalMeasure : Measure ℝ :=
How to read it
def intervalMeasure : Measure ℝ := names a measure on the real line.
Mathematical meaning
The underlying measurable space is the real line with its standard measurable structure.
Role in the statement
This fixes the measure used by every occurrence of the interval function space.

The interval space L₁

The actual space L1([0,1];K)L_1([0,1];\mathbb K), with its integral norm and functions identified almost everywhere.

Project abbreviation of Mathlib’s measure-theoretic Lp space.

abbrev IntervalL1 (𝕜 : Type*) [RCLike 𝕜] := Lp 𝕜 1 intervalMeasure
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abbrev IntervalL1 (𝕜 : Type*) [RCLike 𝕜] := Lp 𝕜 1 intervalMeasure
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Scalar parameter

abbrev IntervalL1 (𝕜 : Type*) [RCLike 𝕜] :=
How to read it
abbrev introduces a transparent abbreviation. 𝕜 is the scalar type, with the real/complex structure given by [RCLike 𝕜].
Mathematical meaning
The intended specialisations are ℝ and ℂ.
Role in the statement
The same scalar choice is retained in the ambient space, operators and scalar isomorphisms.

The sequence space ℓ₂

Scalar sequences (xn)n∈N(x_n)_{n\in\mathbb N} with ∑n∣xn∣2<∞\sum_n |x_n|^2<\infty, equipped with (∑n∣xn∣2)1/2(\sum_n|x_n|^2)^{1/2}.

Project abbreviation of Mathlib’s sequence space lp.

abbrev Ell2 (𝕜 : Type*) [RCLike 𝕜] := lp (fun _ : ℕ => 𝕜) 2
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abbrev Ell2 (𝕜 : Type*) [RCLike 𝕜] := lp (fun _ : ℕ => 𝕜) 2
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A scalar sequence-space abbreviation

abbrev Ell2 (𝕜 : Type*) [RCLike 𝕜] :=
How to read it
abbrev Ell2 names a space for each real/complex scalar type.
Mathematical meaning
The scalar field is the same one appearing in the copy condition.
Role in the statement
This is the model space contained in the range in Theorem B.

The sequence space ℓ₁

Absolutely summable scalar sequences, with norm ∑n∈N∣xn∣\sum_{n\in\mathbb N}|x_n|.

Project abbreviation of Mathlib’s sequence space lp; used in the development around the principal results.

abbrev Ell1 (𝕜 : Type*) [RCLike 𝕜] := lp (fun _ : ℕ => 𝕜) 1
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abbrev Ell1 (𝕜 : Type*) [RCLike 𝕜] := lp (fun _ : ℕ => 𝕜) 1
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A scalar sequence-space abbreviation

abbrev Ell1 (𝕜 : Type*) [RCLike 𝕜] :=
How to read it
abbrev Ell1 names a space for each real/complex scalar type.
Mathematical meaning
The abbreviation keeps the scalar choice explicit.
Role in the statement
This model occurs in the development and its structural arguments.

The projection bound

The common bound 4+324+3\sqrt2 for the norms of the two projections.

Project definition, using Mathlib notions.

def projectionBound : ℝ := 4 + 3 * Real.sqrt 2
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def projectionBound : ℝ := 4 + 3 * Real.sqrt 2
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A real constant

def projectionBound : ℝ :=
How to read it
def projectionBound : ℝ := declares a real-valued constant.
Mathematical meaning
The value is used in a non-strict operator-norm inequality.
Role in the statement
Both main propositions refer to this identical definition.

The underlying real space

The same normed additive group as a K\mathbb K-space, with scalar multiplication restricted to R\mathbb R. The elements and norm are unchanged.

Project abbreviation of Mathlib’s RestrictScalars.

abbrev UnderlyingReal (𝕜 : Type*) [RCLike 𝕜]
    (E : Type*) [NormedAddCommGroup E] [NormedSpace 𝕜 E] :=
  RestrictScalars ℝ 𝕜 E
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abbrev UnderlyingReal (𝕜 : Type*) [RCLike 𝕜]
    (E : Type*) [NormedAddCommGroup E] [NormedSpace 𝕜 E] :=
  RestrictScalars ℝ 𝕜 E
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Space and scalar parameters

abbrev UnderlyingReal (𝕜 : Type*) [RCLike 𝕜]
    (E : Type*) [NormedAddCommGroup E] [NormedSpace 𝕜 E] :=
How to read it
𝕜 has a real/complex structure. E has a normed additive-group structure and a compatible normed scalar action.
Mathematical meaning
The given mathematical structures in square brackets specify the original space.
Role in the statement
These are parameters of the definition; taking the underlying real space does not choose a different norm.

Weak convergence of a sequence

A sequence xnx_n converges weakly to aa when φ(xn)→φ(a)\varphi(x_n)\to\varphi(a) for every continuous scalar-linear functional φ\varphi.

Project definition, using Mathlib notions.

The enclosing section fixes (𝕜 : Type*) [RCLike 𝕜] and (E : Type*) [NormedAddCommGroup E] [NormedSpace 𝕜 E]. These parameters are retained in the declaration; follow the source link to read their exact context.

def WeaklyConverges (x : ℕ → E) (a : E) : Prop :=
  ∀ φ : E →L[𝕜] 𝕜, Tendsto (fun n => φ (x n)) atTop (𝓝 (φ a))
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def WeaklyConverges (x : ℕ → E) (a : E) : Prop :=
  ∀ φ : E →L[𝕜] 𝕜, Tendsto (fun n => φ (x n)) atTop (𝓝 (φ a))
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The sequence and its limit

def WeaklyConverges (x : ℕ → E) (a : E) : Prop :=
How to read it
x : ℕ → E is a sequence; a : E is a proposed limit. : Prop makes this a proposition.
Mathematical meaning
The scalar field and space come from the section parameters shown alongside the definition.
Role in the statement
The limit is part of the claim and is kept fixed for every functional.

The Schur property

Every weakly convergent sequence in EE converges to the same limit in the given norm.

Project definition, using Mathlib notions.

The enclosing section fixes (𝕜 : Type*) [RCLike 𝕜] and (E : Type*) [NormedAddCommGroup E] [NormedSpace 𝕜 E]. These parameters are retained in the declaration; follow the source link to read their exact context.

def HasSchurProperty : Prop :=
  ∀ (x : ℕ → E) (a : E),
    WeaklyConverges 𝕜 E x a → Tendsto x atTop (𝓝 a)
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def HasSchurProperty : Prop :=
  ∀ (x : ℕ → E) (a : E),
    WeaklyConverges 𝕜 E x a → Tendsto x atTop (𝓝 a)
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Name of the property

def HasSchurProperty : Prop :=
How to read it
def HasSchurProperty : Prop := names a claim about the scalar field and space fixed in the section.
Mathematical meaning
This is a property of that particular normed space.
Role in the statement
It is used positively for the range in A and negatively for the range in B.

A Dunford–Pettis operator

A bounded linear operator T:E→FT:E\to F that sends weakly convergent sequences to norm-convergent sequences with the corresponding image limit.

Project definition, using Mathlib notions.

The enclosing section fixes (𝕜 : Type*) [RCLike 𝕜] and (E : Type*) [NormedAddCommGroup E] [NormedSpace 𝕜 E]. These parameters are retained in the declaration; follow the source link to read their exact context. The section also fixes a normed 𝕜-space F; {𝕜 E} makes the indicated parameters implicit for this declaration.

def IsDunfordPettis (T : E →L[𝕜] F) : Prop :=
  ∀ (x : ℕ → E) (a : E),
    WeaklyConverges 𝕜 E x a →
      Tendsto (fun n => T (x n)) atTop (𝓝 (T a))
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def IsDunfordPettis (T : E →L[𝕜] F) : Prop :=
  ∀ (x : ℕ → E) (a : E),
    WeaklyConverges 𝕜 E x a →
      Tendsto (fun n => T (x n)) atTop (𝓝 (T a))
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The bounded linear map

def IsDunfordPettis (T : E →L[𝕜] F) : Prop :=
How to read it
T : E →L[𝕜] F is a continuous scalar-linear map, equivalently a bounded linear operator in this setting.
Mathematical meaning
Its domain and codomain use the field and normed-space structures from the section.
Role in the statement
The property is attached to this operator; boundedness is already in its type.

A bounded projection

A bounded linear operator P:E→EP:E\to E with P2=PP^2=P.

Project definition, using Mathlib notions.

The enclosing section fixes (𝕜 : Type*) [RCLike 𝕜] and (E : Type*) [NormedAddCommGroup E] [NormedSpace 𝕜 E]. These parameters are retained in the declaration; follow the source link to read their exact context. For this declaration 𝕜 and E are implicit.

def IsProjection (P : E →L[𝕜] E) : Prop := P.comp P = P
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def IsProjection (P : E →L[𝕜] E) : Prop := P.comp P = P
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An operator on one space

def IsProjection (P : E →L[𝕜] E) : Prop :=
How to read it
P : E →L[𝕜] E has the same domain and codomain. : Prop makes the definition a claim about it.
Mathematical meaning
P is already bounded and linear by its type.
Role in the statement
The equation that follows adds idempotence.

An isomorphic copy

A closed subspace VV of EE together with a bounded scalar-linear isomorphism D→VD\to V whose inverse is bounded.

Project definition, using Mathlib notions.

def ContainsIsomorphicCopy (𝕜 : Type*) [RCLike 𝕜]
    (D : Type*) [NormedAddCommGroup D] [NormedSpace 𝕜 D]
    (E : Type*) [NormedAddCommGroup E] [NormedSpace 𝕜 E] : Prop :=
  ∃ V : Submodule 𝕜 E,
    IsClosed (V : Set E) ∧ Nonempty (D ≃L[𝕜] V)
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def ContainsIsomorphicCopy (𝕜 : Type*) [RCLike 𝕜]
    (D : Type*) [NormedAddCommGroup D] [NormedSpace 𝕜 D]
    (E : Type*) [NormedAddCommGroup E] [NormedSpace 𝕜 E] : Prop :=
  ∃ V : Submodule 𝕜 E,
    IsClosed (V : Set E) ∧ Nonempty (D ≃L[𝕜] V)
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The scalar field and two spaces

def ContainsIsomorphicCopy (𝕜 : Type*) [RCLike 𝕜]
    (D : Type*) [NormedAddCommGroup D] [NormedSpace 𝕜 D]
    (E : Type*) [NormedAddCommGroup E] [NormedSpace 𝕜 E] : Prop :=
How to read it
The binders fix a scalar type 𝕜 and normed 𝕜-spaces D and E.
Mathematical meaning
D is the model to be copied; E is the containing space.
Role in the statement
The two spaces have their own given norms. The order of parameters matters.

The Radon–Nikodým property

Every absolutely continuous, countably additive EE-valued vector measure of finite variation on a finite measure space has a Bochner-integrable density.

Project vector-measure definition, using Mathlib’s VectorMeasure, variation and Bochner integral.

def HasRadonNikodymProperty (E : Type u) [NormedAddCommGroup E]
    [NormedSpace ℝ E] : Prop :=
  ∀ (Ω : Type v) (mΩ : MeasurableSpace Ω),
    letI := mΩ
    ∀ μ : Measure Ω, μ Set.univ < ∞ →
      ∀ ν : VectorMeasure Ω E, ν.variation Set.univ < ∞ →
        (∀ A : Set Ω, MeasurableSet A → μ A = 0 → ν A = 0) →
          ∃ g : Ω → E, Integrable g μ ∧
            ∀ A : Set Ω, MeasurableSet A → ν A = ∫ x in A, g x ∂μ
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def HasRadonNikodymProperty (E : Type u) [NormedAddCommGroup E]
    [NormedSpace ℝ E] : Prop :=
  ∀ (Ω : Type v) (mΩ : MeasurableSpace Ω),
    letI := mΩ
    ∀ μ : Measure Ω, μ Set.univ < ∞ →
      ∀ ν : VectorMeasure Ω E, ν.variation Set.univ < ∞ →
        (∀ A : Set Ω, MeasurableSet A → μ A = 0 → ν A = 0) →
          ∃ g : Ω → E, Integrable g μ ∧
            ∀ A : Set Ω, MeasurableSet A → ν A = ∫ x in A, g x ∂μ
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A real normed target space

def HasRadonNikodymProperty (E : Type u) [NormedAddCommGroup E]
    [NormedSpace ℝ E] : Prop :=
How to read it
The binders fix E : Type u, its normed additive group, and its real normed scalar action.
Mathematical meaning
Bochner integration is taken in the real normed target. A complex range is viewed through its underlying real space.
Role in the statement
This is the full vector-measure property, not a substitute based on one operator.

An equivalent real lattice norm

A compatible real vector-lattice order on EE and a solid norm equivalent to its original norm. Both the lattice order and the norm may vary.

Project definition, using Mathlib lattice orders and seminorms. Its Banach-lattice bridge uses the separately attributed BanLat library.

def HasEquivalentRealLatticeNorm (E : Type u) [NormedAddCommGroup E]
    [NormedSpace ℝ E] : Prop :=
  ∃ latticeOrder : Lattice E,
    letI := latticeOrder
    IsOrderedAddMonoid E ∧ PosSMulMono ℝ E ∧
      ∃ p : Seminorm ℝ E,
        (∀ x y : E, |x| ≤ |y| → p x ≤ p y) ∧
        ∃ a b : ℝ, 0 < a ∧ 0 < b ∧
          ∀ x : E, a * ‖x‖ ≤ p x ∧ p x ≤ b * ‖x‖
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def HasEquivalentRealLatticeNorm (E : Type u) [NormedAddCommGroup E]
    [NormedSpace ℝ E] : Prop :=
  ∃ latticeOrder : Lattice E,
    letI := latticeOrder
    IsOrderedAddMonoid E ∧ PosSMulMono ℝ E ∧
      ∃ p : Seminorm ℝ E,
        (∀ x y : E, |x| ≤ |y| → p x ≤ p y) ∧
        ∃ a b : ℝ, 0 < a ∧ 0 < b ∧
          ∀ x : E, a * ‖x‖ ≤ p x ∧ p x ≤ b * ‖x‖
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The existing real normed space

def HasEquivalentRealLatticeNorm (E : Type u) [NormedAddCommGroup E]
    [NormedSpace ℝ E] : Prop :=
How to read it
The binders fix a normed additive group E with a real normed scalar action.
Mathematical meaning
The original addition, real scalar multiplication and norm are the reference structures.
Role in the statement
The definition will vary the lattice order and the new norm while retaining the given vector space.